How to incorporate telemedicine in medical residency: A Brazilian experience in pediatric emergency.

INTRODUCTION: The exponential growth of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of a telemedicine care service in a tertiary university pediatric hospital. It brought the need to develop a training aimed at remote care within the pediatric emergency rotation program. OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a telemedicine training for pediatric residents and present the preliminary results. METHODS: Descriptive prospective study (pre and post), with 40 resident physicians of the first year of pediatrics. Reaction Assessments were applied before and after training, in addition to a resident physician perception questionnaire at the end of the training. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the resident's perception of experience and safety after initial training. Most rated the proposal as good or excellent, considered teaching telemedicine relevant and that this experience contributed to their learning on the subject. CONCLUSION: This study describes an innovative proposal for training in telemedicine. The preliminary results were encouraging, demonstrating the program's potential in training future pediatricians.

How to incorporate telemedicine in medical residency: A Brazilian experience in pediatric emergency

ABSTRACT Introduction: The exponential growth of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of a telemedicine care service in a tertiary university pediatric hospital. It brought the need to develop a training aimed at remote care within the pediatric emergency rotation program. Objective: To describe the implementation of a telemedicine training for pediatric residents and present the preliminary results. Methods: Descriptive prospective study (pre and post), with 40 resident physicians of the first year of pediatrics. Reaction Assessments were applied before and after training, in addition to a resident physician perception questionnaire at the end of the training. Results: There was a significant difference in the resident's perception of experience and safety after initial training. Most rated the proposal as good or excellent, considered teaching telemedicine relevant and that this experience contributed to their learning on the subject. Conclusion: This study describes an innovative proposal for training in telemedicine. The preliminary results were encouraging, demonstrating the program's potential in training future pediatricians.

Fatores associados à baixa capacidade funcional em idosos institucionalizados: um estudo transversal / Factors associated with low functional capacity in institutionalized elderly: a cross-sectional study

Contexto: Há alta prevalência de dependência funcional entre os idosos institucionalizados, entretanto, poucos estudos utilizaram testes de desempenho físico para mensurar a capacidade funcional do idoso. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à baixa capacidade funcional em idosos institucionalizados. Tipo de estudo e local: Estudo transversal, com amostra por conveniência composta por 153 idosos residentes de seis instituições de longa permanência filantrópica do município de São Caetano do Sul. Métodos: Para determinar a escala de capacidade funcional, foi utilizada a circunferência da perna, flexão de cotovelo, velocidade de andar e marcha estacionária. As variáveis independentes foram sexo, idade, tempo de internação, medicamentos, depressão, estado cognitivo e nível de atividade física. Utilizou-se análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: A prevalência de baixa capacidade funcional foi de 57%. A faixa etária > 80 anos (RP: 1,66; intervalo de confiança, IC 95%: 1,13­2,44), presença de déficit cognitivo (RP: 2,19; IC 95%:1,08­4,41), e baixo número de passos (RP: 5,39; IC 95%: 1,44­20,10) se associaram diretamente com a baixa capacidade funcional. No entanto, o excesso de peso (RP: 0,59; IC 95%: 0,39­0,89) e a obesidade (RP: 0,42; IC 95%:0,22­0,81) se associaram inversamente com a baixa capacidade funcional. Conclusão: O nível de atividade física, o estado cognitivo e a idade foram associados à baixa capacidade funcional. O índice de massa corporal foi inversamente associado com a baixa capacidade funcional.

Formação docente no curso de Medicina: como podemos melhorar? / Faculty development in medical school: how can it be improved?

Resumo: Introdução: As instituições de ensino superior (IES) têm valorizado progressivamente a educação permanente do corpo docente. Mudanças no perfil de aprendizado, o amplo acesso digital ao conhecimento e novas competências exigidas aos médicos pela sociedade induzem necessidades de atualizações nas práticas docentes, especialmente durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as necessidades de desenvolvimento, as práticas educacionais utilizadas e a visão sobre o ensino na perspectiva de docentes de graduação em Medicina. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal, com amostra de conveniência formada por coordenadores de disciplinas de graduação de uma IES paulistana, com dados coletados entre agosto e setembro de 2020 por meio de questionário eletrônico. Os dados foram analisados por meio de proporções e teste do qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fischer. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultado: Do total de 68 coordenadores de disciplina da IES, participaram 47 (69,1%). Destes, 26 (55,3%) se declararam do gênero feminino e 21 (44,7%) do gênero masculino, 17 (36,2%) eram de disciplinas do primeiro biênio, 20 (42,6%) do segundo biênio e dez (21,1%) do terceiro biênio (internato). A maioria dos coordenadores (93,6%) relatou motivação para participar de ações de formação docente, especialmente para inclusão de inovações em suas disciplinas (85,1%). Relataram maior necessidade para atualização em métodos de ensino e de avaliação. As mulheres citaram, com maior frequência, a necessidade de formação em avaliação (p = 0,04). Nas práticas educacionais relatadas, as mulheres incorporaram mais atitudes (p = 0,02) e habilidades no planejamento educacional (p = 0,007), assim como relataram utilizar mais avaliação formativa (p = 0,03) e maior formação prévia para uso de metodologias ativas (p = 0,02). Apesar de a valorização do diálogo com os estudantes ser apontada pela maioria dos docentes, práticas centradas no estudante foram descritas em menor percentual das respostas Conclusão: Há motivação de os coordenadores de disciplinas se engajarem em ações de formação docente, tendo sido identificadas diversas necessidades quanto às práticas educacionais, contudo observaram-se algumas diferenças entre os gêneros. Embora a maioria apresente uma visão dialógica do processo ensino-aprendizagem, essa concepção ainda não está implementada na prática relatada em suas disciplinas.

Abstract: Introduction: Faculty development in medical education has shown an increasing focus on universities. Changes in the learning style, the broad access to digital knowledge and new society demands in terms of medical competences have induced the need for updates in teaching practices, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Objective: To evaluate the needs of faculty development, reported educational practices and the view on teaching and learning from medical teachers' perspectives. Methods: this study has a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of undergraduate medical teachers from a medical school in São Paulo, who coordinate educational units in the curricula. Data collection took place between August and September 2020, by completing an electronic questionnaire. The data were analyzed using proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, with p <0.05 being considered significant. Results: There were 68 medical teachers coordinating curricula units and 47 (69.1%) accepted to participate. Of the total of 47 participants, 26 (55.3%) are female and 21 (44.7%) are male, 17 (36.2%) teachers taught disciplines from first biennium, 20 (42.6%) from the second biennium and 10 (21.1%) from the third biennium. Most of medical teachers reported being motivated to participate in faculty development courses (93.6%), with focus on the inclusion of innovations in their educational practice (85.1%). They reported the need to update teaching and assessment methods. The women reported more frequently the need for training in assessment methods (p = 0.04). In the reported educational practices, women incorporate more attitudes (p = 0.02) and skills in educational planning (p = 0.007), as well as the use of formative assessment (p = 0.03) and more previous training in the use of active methodologies (p = 0.02). Although the recognition of the importance of the dialogue with students being reported by most teachers, student-centered practices were described in a lower percentage of responses. Conclusion: Teachers are motivated to engage in faculty development actions, with several needs regarding educational practices being identified, with differences being observed between genders. Although they reported a dialogic view of the teaching-learning process, this concept is not yet implemented in the reported practice in their disciplines.

Cardiovascular risk factors and major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk factors can mediate the association between depression and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in adult individuals with and without histories of major depression in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: This study evaluated 423 individuals without any lifetime diagnosis of major depression and 203 individuals with a previous diagnosis of major depression (n = 626). The participants underwent a psychiatric evaluation using a structured clinical interview (SCID-1), an anthropometric evaluation and a clinical evaluation that included blood pressure measurement and assessment of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and physical activity levels. RESULTS: Individuals with histories of major depression were more likely to be female (P < 0.0001). Individuals with lifetime diagnoses of major depression were more likely to be current smokers (odds ratio, OR 1.61; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.01-2.59) and to have diabetes (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.01-3.21); and less likely to be obese (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.35-0.94). CONCLUSION: Individuals with major depression had higher odds of presenting tobacco smoking and diabetes, and lower odds of being obese. Healthcare professionals need to be aware of this, so as to increase the rates of diagnosis and treatment in this population.

Cardiovascular risk factors and major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk factors can mediate the association between depression and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in adult individuals with and without histories of major depression in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: This study evaluated 423 individuals without any lifetime diagnosis of major depression and 203 individuals with a previous diagnosis of major depression (n = 626). The participants underwent a psychiatric evaluation using a structured clinical interview (SCID-1), an anthropometric evaluation and a clinical evaluation that included blood pressure measurement and assessment of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and physical activity levels. RESULTS: Individuals with histories of major depression were more likely to be female (P < 0.0001). Individuals with lifetime diagnoses of major depression were more likely to be current smokers (odds ratio, OR 1.61; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.01-2.59) and to have diabetes (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.01-3.21); and less likely to be obese (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.35-0.94). CONCLUSION: Individuals with major depression had higher odds of presenting tobacco smoking and diabetes, and lower odds of being obese. Healthcare professionals need to be aware of this, so as to increase the rates of diagnosis and treatment in this population.

Job Stress and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease: Cross-Sectional Results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between job stress and subclinical cardiovascular disease at ELSA-Brasil. METHODS: We considered job stress domains (demand, skill discretion, decision authority, and social support) as independent variables and coronary artery calcium (CAC more than 0) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT more than P75% as a continuous variable) as dependent ones. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were presented crude, with further adjustments for sociodemographic, cardiovascular risk factors, and lifestyle variables. Linear regression models were built for CIMT using the same covariates. RESULTS: Although significant associations were observed in the crude models, after multivariate adjustment CAC and CIMT were not significantly associated with demand, skill discretion, decision authority, and social support. CONCLUSIONS: Our results did not support an association between job stress and subclinical cardiovascular disease measured by CAC or CIMT.

Burnout syndrome, extracurricular activities and social support among Brazilian internship medical students: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Burnout syndrome (BS) is highly prevalent among medical students and is associated with lower empathy and worsening of medical students ́ mental health. The aim of our study was to identify prevalence of BS during internship and its association with self-rated social support and participation in extracurricular activities in one medical school in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2015, with 121 medical students on internship (56% response rate). They were evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services (MBI) and assessed about socio demographic data, social support and extracurricular activities. RESULTS: The overall BS prevalence was 57.5% among medical interns. High emotional exhaustion was present in 33.1% (N = 38) of interns, high depersonalization was observed in 45.7% (N = 58) and 36.2% of participants (N = 46) had low personal accomplishment. Individuals with participation in community services had lower frequency of depersonalization (prevalence ratio 0.61 CI95% 0.42-0.88). BS was not associated with different types of extracurricular activities and no association was found among BS and the behaviour of seeking social support. CONCLUSIONS: We found high prevalence of BS in medical interns, however the behaviour of seeking social support had no association with BS. The interns participating in community activities had lower frequency of high depersonalization.

Validade de medidas autorrelatadas de peso corporal e estatura em participantes do estudo São Paulo Megacity / Validity of self-reported measures of body weight and height in participants of the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey

Resumo Introdução A utilização de indicadores válidos na avaliação do estado nutricional populacional é muito importante. Objetivo Avaliou-se a concordância entre medidas aferidas e autorrelatadas de peso corporal, estatura e IMC, e identificou-se fatores que exercem influência sobre o autorrelato. Método Estudo transversal de base populacional de adultos da Região Metropolitana de SP (N=766). Cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e análises gráficas de Bland & Altman foram conduzidos, avaliando a concordância dessas medidas. Resultados Na amostra total, e para ambos os sexos, foram subestimados o peso corporal autorrelatado e, consequentemente, o IMC, enquanto a estatura autorrelatada foi superestimada. A imprecisão no autorrelato foi influenciada pelo sexo, idade, escolaridade e estado nutricional. A confiabilidade encontrada entre as medidas foi elevada em ambos os sexos e na amostra total (peso corporal CCI 0,951/IC 0,938-0,961; estatura CCI 0,870/IC 0,597-0,939; IMC CCI 0,865/IC 0,677-0,928). A prevalência de excesso de peso pelas medidas autorrelatadas mostrou-se subestimada (13%), quando comparada àquela calculada através das medidas aferidas. Conclusão O autorrelato pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores, produzindo medidas imprecisas. Sua utilização em inquéritos populacionais pode acarretar em uma importante subestimativa do risco de adoecimento e mortalidade prematura por doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas associados ao excesso de peso.

Abstract Background The use of valid indicators for the evaluation of the nutritional status of the population was very important. Objective The concordance between measured and self-reported data of body weight and height and BMI were evaluated and the factors that exert influence on the self-report. Method This is a cross-sectional population-based study of adults from the Metropolitan Region of SP (N=766). Calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficients and graphical analyzes of Bland & Altman were conducted, evaluating the agreement of these measures. Results In the total sample and for both genders, the self-reported body weight and the BMI were underestimated, while the self-reported height was overestimated. The imprecision in self-report was influenced by gender, age, school level,and nutritional status. The agreement between the measures was high in both genders and in the total sample (weight ICC 0.951/CI 0.938-0.961; height ICC 0.870/CI 0.597-0.939; BMI ICC 0.865/CI 0.677-0.928). The prevalence of overweight by self-reported measures was underestimated (13%) when compared to that calculated by the measured data. Conclusion Self-report can be influenced by several factors, producing imprecise measures. Its use in population surveys may lead to an important underestimation of the risk of illness and premature mortality for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases associated with overweight.

A Pedagogia de Paulo Freire e o Processo Ensino-Aprendizagem na Educação Médica / The Pedagogy of Paulo Freire and Medical Education

RESUMO A educação médica brasileira apresenta desafios com o intuito de contribuir com a formação de recursos humanos para o Sistema Único de Saúde, em consonância com as principais políticas de saúde do País. A pedagogia de Paulo Freire apresenta uma visão crítica do processo ensino-aprendizagem enquanto processo de emancipação política e de ação transformadora da realidade. Tais valores são desejados na formação profissional dos médicos. O presente estudo visa avaliar a concepção de docentes de Faculdade de Medicina paulistana sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem segundo os princípios da pedagogia problematizadora de Paulo Freire.

ABSTRACT Brazilian medical education presents challenges in providing human resources to the Unified Health System in line with the main national health policies. The pedagogy of Paulo Freire presents a critical view of the teaching-learning process including the political emancipation of the student and the ability to transform the reality. Such values are desired in the professional training of Brazilian physicians. This study aims to assess to what extent medical teachers from a São Paulo university understand the teaching-learning process in terms of the principles of Paulo Freire’s pedagogy.

Promoção à saúde e prevenção de acidentes na infância: uma ação de estudantes de medicina / Health promotion and accident prevention in childhood: an intervention of medical students

Introdução: A promoção à saúde é um grande desafio no Sistema Único de Saúde. A realização de ações de promoção faz parte das competências necessárias ao egresso do curso de medicina, segundo as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Graduação em Medicina (DCN). Objetivo: Este trabalho visa descrever a elaboração e implementação de ação lúdica, visando educação em saúde com enfoque em prevenção de acidentes domésticos na infância, por parte de alunos do primeiro ano do curso de medicina da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP). Métodos: O uso da metodologia da problematização conduziu a construção do projeto, desde o reconhecimento do território da Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), discussão de problemas encontrados, levantamento bibliográfico, elaboração de hipóteses de solução e implementação de ação. Resultados: Os alunos do primeiro ano de medicina optaram por trabalhar com o tema de prevenção de acidentes domésticos na infância, em parceria com a UBS e com organização não-governamental (ONG) da região, que realiza atividades educativas e de lazer com crianças em idade escolar, após o horário da aula. Os alunos construíram jogos discutindo a prevenção de acidentes e folheto explicativo para pais e responsáveis. Foi realizada gincana em novembro de 2012, em que os alunos coordenaram os jogos com as crianças que utilizam a ONG. Os alunos construíram narrativa sobre a percepção da atividade, com boa avaliação da ação. Discussão: Há evidências do benefício de inserir o aluno precocemente em ações na comunidade, principalmente na participação ativa de atividades de promoção à saúde, visando à aprendizagem significativa. A problematização é estratégia privilegiada de ensino do tema de promoção à saúde e à construção das competências necessárias à elaboração destas ações.

Introduction: Health promotion is a great challenge in the Brazilian National Health System. The implementation of health promotion actions is part of the necessary skills of medical school undergraduates, according to the National Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Medicine (DCN). Objective: This study aims to describe the development and implementation of games, seeking health education focusing on prevention of domestic accidents in childhood, made by students of the first year of medical school, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP). Methods: The methodology of problematization led to construction of the project, started with the recognition of the territory of primary care service, discussion of found problems, evaluation of medical literature, towards the formulation of possible solutions and implementing an prevention action. Results: The first year medical students have chosen to work with prevention of domestic accidents in childhood, in partnership with UBS and a nongovernmental organization in the region, which conducts educational and recreational activities with children, in the after-school period. The students put up games discussing accident prevention and a leaflet for parents and guardians. Tournament was held in November 2012, in which medical students coordinated games with the children. Students constructed narrative about their perception of activity, with good evaluation of the health promotion action. Discussion: There is evidence of the benefit of early introduction of medical students in the community context, especially in active participation of health promotion activities, aiming to meaningful learning. The problematization strategy is a privileged teaching method aiming actions of health promotion and building the necessary skills for the production of these actions.

Cardiovascular risk in individuals with depression / Risco cardiovascular em indivíduos com depressão

Depression and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are both common illnesses. Several studies demonstrated that depressed individuals have higher mortality compared to age-and gender-matched population, with an excess of cardiovascular deaths. There is a bidirectional association between depression and CVD. Several factors can interact and influence this relationship: poverty and social inequality, reduced accessibility to health care, biological alterations (as reduced heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation and platelet function, and hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), side effects of psychiatric medication, lower adherence to medical treatments, and higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors (higher tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes mellitus). This article aims to update the current evidence of the possible mechanisms involved in the association between depression and CVD.

A depressão e as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são patologias frequentes. Estudos demon stram que indivíduos deprimidos têm maior mortalidade quando comparados a indivíduos do mesmo sexo e faixa etária, com um excesso de mortes por doenças cardiovasculares. Há uma associação bidirecional entre depressão e doenças cardiovasculares. Vários fatores podem interagir e influenciar esta relação: a pobreza e a desigualdade social, dificuldade de acesso a cuidados de saúde, alterações biológicas (menor variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, disfunção endotelial, atividade inflamatória e função plaquetária aumentadas, hiperatividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal), efeitos colaterais de medicações psiquiátricas, menor adesão aos tratamentos e maior frequência de fatores de risco cardiovasculares (pior estilo de vida, maior frequência de tabagismo e inatividade física e maior prevalência de obesidade e diabetes mellitus). O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as evidências sobre a associação entre depressão e doenças cardiovasculares.

Cardiovascular risk in individuals with depression.

Depression and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are both common illnesses. Several studies demonstrated that depressed individuals have higher mortality compared to age- and gender-matched population, with an excess of cardiovascular deaths. There is a bidirectional association between depression and CVD. Several factors can interact and influence this relationship: poverty and social inequality, reduced accessibility to health care, biological alterations (as reduced heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation and platelet function, and hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), side effects of psychiatric medication, lower adherence to medical treatments, and higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors (higher tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes mellitus). This article aims to update the current evidence of the possible mechanisms involved in the association between depression and CVD.